Vem daterade Charles II of England?

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.

Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis after Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim.

Charles's English Parliament enacted the Clarendon Code, to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to these new laws even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin, King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's fabrication of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories and, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685.

A patron of the arts and sciences, Charles became known for his affability and friendliness, and for allowing his subjects easy access to his person. But he also showed an almost impenetrable reserve, especially concerning his political agendas. His court gained a reputation for moral laxity. Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, but the king acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James.

Hortense Mancini, hertiginna de Mazarin, född 6 juni 1646 i Rom, död 2 juli 1699 i London, var en italiensk författare och adelsdam. Hon var dotter till baron Lorenzo Mancini och Geronima Mazzarini och systerdotter till Frankrikes de facto regent kardinal Mazarin. Tillsammans med sina fyra systrar och två kvinnliga kusiner var hon känd som en av de så kallade "Mazarinettes" vid det franska hovet. Hon var mätress till kung Karl II av England.

Catherine Pegge (1635 circa – ...) fu per lunghi anni amante del re d'Inghilterra Carlo II.

Dal sovrano ebbe due figli, Charles FitzCharles, I conte di Plymouth e Catherine FitzCharles.

Figlia di esponenti di classi sociali elevate, seguì la famiglia nell'esilio presso la città belga di Bruges e fu proprio in questa città che iniziò la sua relazione con il sovrano.

Mary "Moll" Davis (c. 1648 – 1708), also spelt Davies or Davys, was a courtesan and mistress of King Charles II of England. She was an actress and entertainer before and during her role as royal mistress.

Frances Teresa Stewart, hertiginna av Richmond och Lennox, född i Paris 8 juli 1647, död 15 oktober 1702, var en skotsk hovfunktionär. Hon är känd som rollmodell för bilden av den engelska nationalsymbolen Britannia och kallades La Belle Stuart (Den Vackra Stuart) och räknas som en av Windsor Beauties.

Hon är också berömd för att ha varit en av Karl II av Englands många förälskelser och för att ha vägrat att bli hans mätress.

Winifred Wells was a courtier at the Stuart Restoration court as a Maid of Honour to Queen consort Catherine of Braganza. She was also one of the many mistresses of King Charles II of England. Samuel Pepys refers to her as the King's mistress in his diary, and she also features in Philibert de Gramont's famous Mémoirs.

Nell Gwynne (även stavat Gwyn och Gwynn), född 2 februari 1650 på okänd plats, död 14 november 1687 i London, var en engelsk skådespelerska och älskarinna till Karl II av England 1667–1685.

Elizabeth Boyle, Viscountess Shannon (born Elizabeth Killigrew; baptised 16 May 1622 – December 1680), was an English courtier and mistress of King Charles II.

Louise de Kérouaille (Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kerouaille, hertiginna av Portsmouth), född 1649 i Bretagne i Frankrike, död 14 november 1734 i Paris, var mätress till kung Karl II av England 1673–1685.

Lucy Walter, född omkring 1630, död 1658, var en älskarinna till Karl II av England 1648-1651. Med honom fick hon James Scott, 1:e hertig av Monmouth. Det förekom redan under hennes livstid spekulationer om att Lucy Walter var hemligt gift med Karl II, och att deras son därför var arvsberättigad till tronen.

Barbara Villiers, grevinna av Castlemaine och hertiginna av Cleveland, född i november 1640, död 9 oktober 1709, var en engelsk hovdam, mätress till Karl II av England åren 1660–1673.

Barbara Villiers hade under sin tid som mätress så stort inflytande att hon kallades "Englands okrönta drottning". Hon var känd för sin stora skönhet men också för sin extravagans och girighet och kallades av John Evelyn för "nationens förbannelse".